Good morning, Whitewater.

Sunday in the Whippet City will be partly sunny with a high of forty. Sunrise is 7:17 and sunset 6:53, for 11h 35m 42s of daytime. The moon is a waning gibbous with 93.2% of its visible disk illuminated.

On Friday, the FW poll asked about a motorist in Pennsylvania accused of ordering automobile insurance after an accident. Over eighty percent of poll respondents thought that Michael Traveny committed an obvious fraud, with under twenty percent feeling that Traveny was simply confused about how auto insurance is meant to work.

On this day in 1950, Volkswagen begins production of the Volkswagen Type 2, known popularly as the VW Bus:

The concept for the Type 2 is credited to Dutch Volkswagen importer Ben Pon. (It has similarities in concept to the 1920s Rumpler Tropfenwagen and 1930s Dymaxion car by Buckminster Fuller, neither of which reached production.) Pon visited Wolfsburg in 1946, intending to purchase Type 1s for import to the Netherlands, where he saw an improvised parts-mover and realized something better was possible using the stock Type 1 pan.[12] He first sketched the van in a doodle dated April 23, 1947,[13] proposing a payload of 690 kg (1,520 lb) and placing the driver at the very front.[8] Production would have to wait, however, as the factory was at capacity producing the Type 1.[8]

When capacity freed up, a prototype known internally as the Type 29 was produced in a short three months.[13] The stock Type 1 pan proved to be too weak so the prototype used a ladder chassis with unit body construction.[8] Coincidentally the wheelbase was the same as the Type 1’s.[8] Engineers reused the reduction gear from the Type 81, enabling the 1.5 ton van to use a 25 hp (19 kW) flat four engine.[8]

Although the aerodynamics of the first prototypes were poor (with an initial drag coefficient of Cd=0.75),[8] engineers used the wind tunnel at the Technical University of Braunschweig to optimize the design. Simple changes such as splitting the windshield and roofline into a “vee” helped the production Type 2 achieve Cd=0.44, exceeding the Type 1’s Cd=0.48.[14] Volkswagen’s new chief executive officer Heinz Nordhoff (appointed 1 January 1948)[15] approved the van for production on 19 May 1949[8] and the first production model, now designated Type 2,[14] rolled off the assembly line to debut 12 November.[8] Only two models were offered: the Kombi (with two side windows and middle and rear seats that were easily removable by one person),[14] and the Commercial.[8] The Microbus was added in May 1950,[8] joined by the Deluxe Microbus in June 1951.[8] In all 9,541 Type 2s were produced in their first year of production.[14]….

On this day in 1862, Wisconsinites ready to defend the Union:

1862 – (Civil War) 1st Wisconsin Cavalry Mustered In
The 1st Wisconsin Cavalry mustered in at Camp Harvey, Kenosha, and left for for St. Louis, Missouri, a week later. It would go on to fight in the Battle of Chickamauga in 1863 and in the Atlanta Campaign the following year. It also helped capture Confederate President Jefferson Davis on May 10, 1865. The 1st Cavalry lost about half its men in three years: six officers and 67 enlisted men were killed in combat and seven officers and 321 enlisted men died from disease.

Good morning, Whitewater.

We’ll have patchy fog in town today, with a high of thirty-nine. Sunrise is 6:19 and sunset 5:52, for 11h 32m 54s of daytime.

On this day in 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone:

Bell’s patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell’s patent covered “the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically … by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound”[77] [N 17] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in [Elisha] Gray’s patent caveat.

On March 10, 1876, three days after his patent was issued, Bell succeeded in getting his telephone to work, using a liquid transmitter similar to Gray’s design. Vibration of the diaphragm caused a needle to vibrate in the water, varying the electrical resistance in the circuit. When Bell spoke the famous sentence “Mr. Watson—Come here—I want to see you” into the liquid transmitter,[78] Watson, listening at the receiving end in an adjoining room, heard the words clearly.[79]

Although Bell was, and still is, accused of stealing the telephone from Gray,[80] Bell used Gray’s water transmitter design only after Bell’s patent had been granted, and only as a proof of concept scientific experiment,[81] to prove to his own satisfaction that intelligible “articulate speech” (Bell’s words) could be electrically transmitted.[82] After March 1876, Bell focused on improving the electromagnetic telephone and never used Gray’s liquid transmitter in public demonstrations or commercial use.[83]

On this day in 1811, a noted naturalist is born:

1811 – Increase Allen Lapham Born
A pioneer naturalist and noted author, Increase Allen Lapham was instrumental in establishing the Milwaukee public high school program. He was one of the founders of Milwaukee Female Seminary in 1848 and served as president of the State Historical Society from 1862 to 1871. Lapham came to Milwaukee in 1836 to serve as chief engineer and secretary for the Rock River Canal Company. He was one of the first authors and map makers in Wisconsin. Among approximately 80 titles in his bibliography, most notable was his Antiquities of Wisconsin, the first book length investigation of Wisconsin’s Indian mounds. Lapham also served as chief geologist for Wisconsin from 1873 to 1875. He founded many educational, civic, and scientific organizations in Wisconsin. You can see many of his writings, letters, maps, and drawings, at Turning Points in Wisconsin History by typing “Lapham” into the search box. [Source: Dictionary of Wisconsin Biography, SHSW 1960, pg. 221]

Good morning, Whitewater.

We’ll have mostly sunny skies and a high of twenty-eight today. Sunrise is 6:20 and sunset is 5:50, for 11h 29m 59s of daytime. It’s a full moon.

On this day in 1899, Bayer patents aspirin:

…the Imperial Patent Office in Berlin registers Aspirin, the brand name for acetylsalicylic acid, on behalf of the German pharmaceutical company Friedrich Bayer & Co.

Now the most common drug in household medicine cabinets, acetylsalicylic acid was originally made from a chemical found in the bark of willow trees. In its primitive form, the active ingredient, salicin, was used for centuries in folk medicine, beginning in ancient Greece when Hippocrates used it to relieve pain and fever. Known to doctors since the mid-19th century, it was used sparingly due to its unpleasant taste and tendency to damage the stomach.

In 1897, Bayer employee Felix Hoffman found a way to create a stable form of the drug that was easier and more pleasant to take. (Some evidence shows that Hoffman’s work was really done by a Jewish chemist, Arthur Eichengrun, whose contributions were covered up during the Nazi era.) After obtaining the patent rights, Bayer began distributing aspirin in powder form to physicians to give to their patients one gram at a time. The brand name came from “a” for acetyl, “spir” from the spirea plant (a source of salicin) and the suffix “in,” commonly used for medications. It quickly became the number-one drug worldwide.

Aspirin was made available in tablet form and without a prescription in 1915. Two years later, when Bayer’s patent expired during the First World War, the company lost the trademark rights to aspirin in various countries. After the United States entered the war against Germany in April 1917, the Alien Property Custodian, a government agency that administers foreign property, seized Bayer’s U.S. assets. Two years later, the Bayer company name and trademarks for the United States and Canada were auctioned off and purchased by Sterling Products Company, later Sterling Winthrop, for $5.3 million.

Bayer became part of IG Farben, the conglomerate of German chemical industries that formed the financial heart of the Nazi regime. After World War II, the Allies split apart IG Farben, and Bayer again emerged as an individual company. Its purchase of Miles Laboratories in 1978 gave it a product line including Alka-Seltzer and Flintstones and One-A-Day Vitamins. In 1994, Bayer bought Sterling Winthrop’s over-the-counter business, gaining back rights to the Bayer name and logo and allowing the company once again to profit from American sales of its most famous product.

Puzzability‘s Vegging In series ends today with Friday’s game:

This Week’s Game — March 2-6

Vegging In

We’re dishing up a healthy serving every day this week. For each day, we’ve taken the name of a vegetable, added a letter, and scrambled all the letters to get a new word. The answer phrase, described by each day’s clue, is the vegetable followed by the new word.

Example:

Deep-dish meal with a vegetable base

Answer:

Escarole casserole

What to Submit:

Submit the phrase, with the vegetable first (as “Escarole casserole” in the example), for your answer.

Friday, March 6

Classic two-story houses for a vegetable

Good morning, Whitewater.

Thursday in Whitewater will be sunny with a high of thirteen. Sunrise is 6:22 and sunset is 5:49, for 11h 27m 05s of daytime. We’ve a full moon today.

Whitewater’s Landmarks Commission meets today at 6:30 PM.

Google has a doodle today in honor of Momofuku Ando, inventor of instant noodles:

On this day 1946, Winston Churchill delivers his ‘Iron Curtain’ Speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri. (Churchill had entitled the speech Sinews of Peace, but it’s his reference to an iron curtain that stuck.) The New York Times reported on the speech:

Fulton, Mo., March 5 – A fraternal association between the British Empire and the United States was advocated here today by Winston Churchill to stem “the expansive and proselytizing tendencies” of the Soviet Union.

Introduced by President Truman at Westminster College, Great Britain’s wartime Prime Minister asserted that a mere balance of power in the world today would be too narrow a margin and would only offer “temptations to a trial of strength.”

On the contrary, he added that the English-speaking peoples must maintain an overwhelming preponderance of power on their side until “the highroads of the future will be clear, not only for our time but for a century to come.”

Says Curtain Divides Europe

Mr. Churchill painted a dark picture of post-war Europe, on which “an iron curtain has descended across the Continent” from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic.

Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Sofia and Bucharest are all being subjected to increasing pressure and control from Moscow, he said, adding:

“This is certainly not the liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it, one which contains the essentials of permanent peace.”

See, full text of Churchill’s speech to Westminster College.

On this day in 1935, a silver magnate dies:

1935 – Elizabeth “Baby Doe” McCourt Dies
On this date, the controversial wife of Horace (H.A.W.) Tabor, silver mine owner during the 19th century Colorado gold and silver booms, died. Born Elizabeth Bondeul McCourt in Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 1854, she was first married to Harvey Doe, Jr. of Oshkosh but in 1880 divorced him on the grounds of adultery. She then moved to Colorado where she married Leadville’s silver king, Horace Tabor. Despite great wealth, she died penniless and alone in Leadville: she froze to death in a cabin near the famous Matchless mine, which in its heyday had produced $10,000 worth of silver ore per day. Elizabeth and Horace are the subject of an American opera, “The Ballad of Baby Doe”….

Here’s today’s game in Puzzability‘s Vegging in series:

This Week’s Game — March 2-6

Vegging In

We’re dishing up a healthy serving every day this week. For each day, we’ve taken the name of a vegetable, added a letter, and scrambled all the letters to get a new word. The answer phrase, described by each day’s clue, is the vegetable followed by the new word.

Example:

Deep-dish meal with a vegetable base

Answer:

Escarole casserole

What to Submit:

Submit the phrase, with the vegetable first (as “Escarole casserole” in the example), for your answer.

Thursday, March 5

One of a group of 17th-century Englishmen who were strictly religious about their choice of vegetable

Good morning, Whitewater.

Wednesday in town will be mostly sunny with a high of sixteen. Sunrise is 6:24 and sunset 5:48, for 11h 24m 11s of daytime. The moon is a waxing gibbous with 98.6% of its visible disk illuminated.

On this day in 1789, government under the Constitution begins:

The first session of the U.S. Congress is held in New York City as the U.S. Constitution takes effect. However, of the 22 senators and 59 representatives called to represent the 11 states who had ratified the document, only nine senators and 13 representatives showed up to begin negotiations for its amendment….

As dictated by Article VII, the document would not become binding until it was ratified by nine of the 13 states. The Constitution was thus sent to the state legislatures, and beginning on December 7, five states–Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut–ratified it in quick succession. However, other states, especially Massachusetts, opposed the document for its failure to reserve powers not delegated by the Constitution to the states and its lack of constitutional protection for such basic political rights as freedom of speech, religion, and the press, and the right to bear arms.

In February 1788, a compromise was reached in which Massachusetts and other states agreed to ratify the document with the assurance that amendments would immediately be adopted. The Constitution was thus narrowly ratified in Massachusetts, followed by Maryland and South Carolina. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the document, making it binding, and government under the U.S. Constitution was scheduled to begin on March 4, 1789.

On September 25, 1789, after several months of debate, the first Congress of the United States adopted 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution–the Bill of Rights–and sent them to the states for ratification. This action led to the eventual ratification of the Constitution by the last of the 13 original colonies: North Carolina and Rhode Island.

Here’s the Wednesday game in Puzzability‘s Vegging In series:

This Week’s Game — March 2-6

Vegging In

We’re dishing up a healthy serving every day this week. For each day, we’ve taken the name of a vegetable, added a letter, and scrambled all the letters to get a new word. The answer phrase, described by each day’s clue, is the vegetable followed by the new word.

Example:

Deep-dish meal with a vegetable base

Answer:

Escarole casserole

What to Submit:

Submit the phrase, with the vegetable first (as “Escarole casserole” in the example), for your answer.

Wednesday, March 4

Coiffures featuring vegetable adornments